![]() ![]() In order to look for the experimental condition for obtaining the minimum LOD, we measured the Cr-Kα X-ray counts and background counts under the Kα X-ray peak as a function of the incident proton energy and the thickness of the Mylar absorber foil in front of the detector. We confirmed the increase of insoluble components of some heavy metals in untreated water taken from river due to heavy rainfall and the elution of Cu, Zn and Pb in drinking water by corrosion of the piping in some part of the water distribution systems.Ĭoncerning the PIXE analysis of Cr(VI) in water using ion-exchange filters, the limit of detection (LOD) and the influence of matrix anions were investigated. Tap water quality was examined as a function of elemental distribution in untreated water at the plants. The target preparation and the PIXE measurement are not time-consuming, and a broad range of concentrations (several tenths of ppb to a few tens of ppm) of 19 elements from Na to Pb is determined simultaneously with a precision sufficient to reveal the elemental distribution in the soluble and insoluble fractions. We used a simple fast procedure for preparing thin uniform targets of inorganic components in both soluble and insoluble fractions of aqueous samples in combination with preconcentration of trace heavy metals that is, Nuclepore filtration targets for coarse particles, preconcentration targets for heavy metal ions and deposit targets for fine particles and soluble major constituents. In this study, we carried out PIXE analysis of raw and treated water at five water treatment plants as well as of tap water from several houses located in each supply route. Moreover, PIXE analysis presented here as a successful tool, could serve as landmark for the contemporary research in environmental toxicology. Protecting the water resources will be a formidable challenge in the study area, which requires modernization of tannery industry, thereby improving the recovery and recycling of TW. The particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) indices also suggested that TW is a main contributory source of water-based pollution in the area, which is imposing great threat to local inhabitants due to known hazardous and carcinogenic potential of these elements. Strikingly, the concentrations of Cr and Si in various DW samples were also beyond World Health Organization (WHO) safe limit, which reinforced the trend that water pollution in the area is directly linked to the distance from the source (TW). In addition, increased concentrations of major toxic elements (Cl, Cr, Fe, K, Ni, and Si) were also observed in SW, which were higher in comparison to DW. The concentrations of calcium (Ca), chlorine (Cl), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), potassium (K), Mg, sulfur (S), silicon (Si), and Sr in TW were significantly higher than SW and DW, which also exceeded the international limits. In this case study, characterization of tannery effluent wastewater (TW), shallow groundwater (SW), and deep groundwater (DW) samples was carried out to determine the source of water pollution in the district of Kasur, Pakistan. Consequently, tannery effluents have become a great source of water pollution in surrounding areas. However, the rules and regulations promulgated by the government are not strictly followed for processing the effluent discharge from the tanneries. Over the last few decades, the chromium-based tanning industry has shown rapid growth in Pakistan. The main objective of this work was to characterize and to monitor the trace elements in drinking water and untreated ground water of Iraq, as well as to provide valuable information about the levels of heavy metallic pollutions. Our results were within the permissible limits reported by Iraqi standards, European standards, and WHO guidelines for drinking water quality. The concentration of these elements varied from one city to other depending on the geographical locations where the samples were collected. Certified reference materials (GSP-2) were used in order to verify accuracy of the PIXE technique and the experimental results were in a good agreement with certified values. ![]() A 2.0 MeV proton beam was employed to excite the samples. ![]() In order to increase analytical sensitivity of the most elements detected by PIXE method, water samples were pre-concentrated by evaporation at 50☌ under atmospheric pressure, to obtain dry dissolved solids. ![]() The mean concentrations of Al, Si, Cl, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, As, Br, Rb and Sr have been determined in treated tap water, natural mineral, and untreated ground water of Iraq using non-destructive Proton Induce X-ray Emission (PIXE) analysis in combination with pre-concentration technique. ![]()
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